Robert Wilson may refer to:

• Rob Wilson MP for Reading East
• Sir Robert Wilson (astronomer), a British astronomer
• Sir Robert Wilson (businessman), chairman of BG Group
• Sir Robert Thomas Wilson, a British general and politician
• Robert L. Wilson (1920-1944), U.S. Marine, Medal of Honor recipient, killed in action during World War II
• Robert Wilson (dramatist), an Elizabethan dramatist
• Robert Wilson (director), a stage director and designer, who worked on Einstein on the Beach among many other works
• Robert Wilson (crime novelist) (born 1957) a British crime novelist
• Robert Anton Wilson, an American science fiction novelist, author of the Illuminatus trilogy
• Robert Arnott Wilson, a mathematician working on finite simple groups
• Robert B. Wilson, professor of management, emeritus, at the Stanford Business School
• Robert Carlton Wilson, a U.S. Representative from California
• Robert Charles Wilson, a North American science fiction novelist, author of The Chronoliths
• Robert R. Wilson, a physicist, director of Fermilab from 1969 to 1978.
• Robert Woodrow Wilson, a Nobel laureate in physics, co-discoverer of the cosmic microwave background radiation.
• Robert Wilson (politician), a politician in Manitoba, Canada, who was expelled from the provincial legislature after a criminal conviction
• Robert Wilson (Missouri), a U.S. Senator (1862-1863) from the Unionist party
• See List of NHL one gamers#Robert Wilson (hockey player) for the NHL ice hockey player from the 1950s

• Meredith Willson (1902 - 1984) (born Robert Meredith Willson), American musician